Division of Science was newly established in 2019 with the aim of expanding the horizon of knowledge in astronomy through integrated research that transcends disciplines such as theory, multi-wavelength observation, and multi-messenger astronomy. To conduct world-leading astronomical research, which is based on the original idea of individual researchers, we use supercomputers and large-scale observation equipment of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. Currently, about 60 researchers, including graduate students, researchers, and staff, are conducting the world’s most advanced research on celestial bodies of various levels, from planetary systems to cosmology, using a wide range of methods regardless of theory or observation.